Location in United States Show map of the United StatesThe Kinzua Bridge or the Kinzua Viaduct (, ) was a that spanned in in the U.S. The bridge was 301 feet (92 m) tall and 2,052 feet (625 m) long. Most of its structure collapsed during a tornado in 2003.The bridge was originally built from in 1882 and was billed as the ', holding the record as the tallest railroad bridge in the world for two years. In 1900, the bridge was dismantled and simultaneously rebuilt out of steel to allow it to accommodate heavier trains. It stayed in commercial service until 1959 and was sold to the in 1963, becoming the centerpiece of a state park. Restoration of the bridge began in 2002, but before it was finished, a struck the bridge in 2003, causing a large portion of the bridge to collapse.
Corroded anchor bolts holding the bridge to its foundations failed, contributing to the collapse.Before its collapse, the Kinzua Bridge was ranked as the fourth-tallest railway bridge in the United States. It was listed on the in 1977 and as a by the in 1982. The ruins of the Kinzua Bridge are in off near the of.
The original Kinzua Bridge, before its reconstruction in 1900In 1882, president of the (NYLE&W), was faced with the challenge of building a off the in Pennsylvania, from south to the coal fields in. The fastest way to do so was to build a bridge to cross the.
The only other alternative to building a bridge would have been to lay an additional 8 miles (13 km) of track over rough terrain. When built, the bridge was larger than any that had been attempted, and over twice as large as the largest similar structure at the time: the Portage Bridge over the in.The first Kinzua Bridge was built by a crew of 40 from 1,552 short tons (1,408 t) of in just 94 working days, between May 10 and August 29, 1882. The reason for the short construction time was that was not used in the bridge's construction; instead a was used to build the first tower, then a traveling crane was built atop it and used in building the second tower. The process was then repeated across all 20 towers.The bridge was designed by the engineer and was built by the, which specialized in producing patented, hollow iron tubes called 'Phoenix columns'. Because of the design of these columns, it was often mistakenly believed that the bridge had been built out of wooden poles.
The bridge's 110 masonry piers were quarried from the hillside used for the foundation of the bridge. The tallest tower had a base that was 193 feet (59 m) wide. The bridge was designed to support a load of 266 short tons (241 t), and was estimated to cost between $167,000 and $275,000.On completion, the bridge was the tallest and longest railroad bridge in the world and was advertised as the 'Eighth Wonder of the World'. Six of the bridge's 20 towers were taller than the. Excursion trains from as far away as, and would come just to cross the Kinzua Bridge, which held the height record until the, 401 feet (122 m) tall, was completed in France in 1884. Trains crossing the bridge were restricted to a speed of 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) because the locomotive, and sometimes the wind, caused the bridge to vibrate. People sometimes visited the bridge in hopes of finding the loot of a, who supposedly hid $40,000 in gold and currency under or near it.
Second construction and service By 1893, the NYLE&W had gone bankrupt and was merged with the, which became the owner of the bridge. By the start of the 20th century, locomotives were almost 85 percent heavier, and the iron bridge could no longer safely carry trains.
The last traffic crossed the old bridge on May 14, 1900, and removal of the old iron began on May 24.The new bridge was designed by C.R. Grimm and was built by the Elmira Bridge Company out of 3,358 short tons (3,046 t) of steel, at a cost of $275,000.
The purpose of a viaduct is to carry a road or railway over water, a valley. In the early 20th century the spread of reinforced-concrete construction led to the. History of the Forth Bridge A regular ferry operated between North and South Queensferry as far back as the 12th century. By the 18th century it was reckoned to be the busiest ferry in Scotland, linking the North East of the country with Edinburgh and the south.
Construction began on May 26, starting from both ends of the old bridge. A crew of between 100 and 150 worked 10-hour days for almost four months to complete the new steel frame. Two 'timber travelers', each 180 feet (50 m) long and 16 feet (5 m) deep, were used to build the towers. Each 'traveler' was supported by a pair of the original wrought-iron towers, separated by the one that was to be replaced. After the middle tower was demolished and a new steel one built in its place, the traveler was moved down the line by one tower and the process was repeated. Construction of each new tower and the spans adjoining it took one week to complete. The bolts used to hold the towers to the anchor blocks were reused from the first bridge, which would eventually play a major role in the bridge's demise.
Grimm, the designer of the bridge, later admitted that the bolts should have been replaced.The Kinzua Viaduct reopened to traffic on September 25, 1900. The new bridge was able to safely accommodate one of the largest steam locomotives in the world, the 511-short-ton (464 t). The Erie Railroad maintained a station at the Kinzua Viaduct. Constructed between 1911 and 1916, the station was not manned by an agent. The station was closed sometime between 1923 and 1927. (HAER) photo of the bridge in July 1971Train crews would sometimes play a trick on a on his first journey on the line.
When the train was a short distance from the bridge, the crew would send the brakeman over the rooftops of the cars to check on a small supposed problem. As the train crossed the bridge, the rookie 'suddenly found himself terrified, staring down three hundred feet 91 m from the roof of a rocking boxcar'. Even after being reconstructed the bridge still had a speed limit of 5 miles per hour (8 km/h). As the bridge aged, heavy trains pulled by two steam locomotives had to stop so the engines could cross the bridge one at a time. Were lighter and did not face this limit; the bridge was last used by a steam locomotive on October 5, 1950.The Erie Railroad obtained on the nearby (B&O) line in the late 1950s, which allowed it to bypass the aging Kinzua Bridge. Regular commercial service ended on June 21, 1959, and the Erie sold the bridge to the Kovalchick Salvage Company of, for $76,000. The bridge was reopened for one day in October 1959 when a wreck on the B&O line forced trains to be rerouted across the bridge.
According to the, the Kinzua Bridge 'was a critical structure in facilitating the transport of coal from Northwestern Pennsylvania to the Eastern Great Lakes region, and is credited with causing an increase in coal mining that led to significant economic growth.' State park. The Kinzua Bridge, in 2001, before its collapseNick Kovalchick, head of the Kovalchick Salvage Company, which then owned the bridge, was reluctant to dismantle it. On seeing it for the first time he is supposed to have said 'There will never be another bridge like this.'
Kovalchick worked with local groups who wanted to save the structure, and signed a bill into law on August 12, 1963, to purchase the bridge and nearby land for $50,000 and create Kinzua Bridge State Park. The deed for the park's 316 acres (128 ha) was recorded on January 20, 1965, and the park was opened to the public in 1970. Photograph of ASCE historic civil engineering landmark plaque on Kinzua bridge abutment in 2019.An access road to the park was built in 1974, and new facilities there included a parking lot, drinking water and toilets, and installation of a fence on the bridge deck. There was an official ceremony on July 5, 1975, for the park, which 'was and is unique in the park system' since 'its centerpiece is a man-made structure'. The bridge was listed on the on August 29, 1977, and was named to the by the on June 26, 1982.The (KKRR) operated trips from through the and over the Kinzua Bridge from 1987 until the bridge was closed in 2002. In 1988 it operated the longest steam train excursion in the United States, a 97-mile (156 km) round trip to the bridge from the village of in, with a stop in Kane.
Described being on the bridge as 'more akin to ballooning than railroading' and noted 'You stare straight out with nothing between you and an immense sea of verdure a hundred yards 91 m below.' The railroad still operated excursions through the forest and stopped at the bridge's western approach until October 2004.As of 2009, Kinzua Bridge State Park is a 329-acre (133 ha) surrounding the bridge and the Kinzua Valley. The park is located off of north of Mount Jewett in and Townships. A scenic within the park allows views of the fallen bridge and of the valley, and is also a prime location to view the during in mid-October. The park has a shaded area with a centrally located modern. Before the bridge's collapse, visitors were allowed on or under the bridge and hiking was allowed in the valley around the bridge. In September 2002 the bridge was closed even to pedestrian traffic.
About 100 acres (40 ha) of Kinzua Bridge State Park are open to hunting. Common game species are,. Destruction. Radar loop of the storm over northern PennsylvaniaSince 2002, the Kinzua Bridge had been closed to all 'recreational pedestrian and railroad usage' after it was determined that the structure was at risk to high winds. Engineers had determined that during high winds, the bridge's could shift, putting weight onto only one side of the bridge and causing it to. An -based bridge construction and repair company had already started work on restoring the Kinzua Bridge in February 2003.On July 21, 2003, construction workers had already packed up and were starting to leave for the day when a storm arrived. A within the storm struck the Kinzua Bridge, snapping and uprooting nearby trees, as well as causing 11 of the 20 bridge towers to collapse.
There were no human deaths or injuries. The tornado was produced by a (MCS), a complex of strong thunderstorms, that had formed over an area that included eastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, western New York, and southern. The MCS traveled east at around 40 miles per hour (60 km/h). As the MCS crossed northwestern Pennsylvania, it formed into a distinctive shape. The northern portion of the MCS contained a long-lived, a thunderstorm with a rotating updraft that is often conducive to tornados.At approximately 15:20 (19:20 ), the tornado touched down in Kinzua Bridge State Park, 1 mile (1.6 km) from the Kinzua Bridge. The tornado, classified as F1 on the, passed by the bridge and continued another 2.5 miles (4.0 km) before it lifted. It touched down again 2 miles (3 km) from and traveled another 3 miles (5 km) before finally dissipating.
It was estimated to have been 1⁄ 3-mile (0.5 km) wide and it left a path 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long. The same storm also spawned an F3 tornado in nearby.When the tornado touched down, the winds had increased to at least 94 miles per hour (151 km/h) and were coming from the east, perpendicular to the bridge, which ran north–south.
An investigation determined that Towers 10 and 11 had collapsed first, in a westerly direction. Meanwhile, Towers 12 through 14 had actually been picked up off of their foundations, moved slightly to the northwest and set back down intact and upright, held together by only the railroad tracks on the bridge. Next towers four through nine collapsed to the west, twisting clockwise, as the tornado started to move northward.
As it moved north, inflow winds came in from the south and caused Towers 12, 13, and 14 to finally collapse towards the north, twisting counterclockwise.The failures were caused by the badly rusted base bolts holding the bases of the towers to concrete anchor blocks embedded into the ground. An investigation determined that the tornado had a wind speed of at least 94 miles per hour (151 km/h), which applied an estimated 90 (800 ) of lateral force against the bridge. The investigation also hypothesized that the whole structure oscillated laterally four to five times before started to cause the base bolts to fail. The towers fell intact in sections and suffered damage upon impact with the ground. The century-old bridge was destroyed in less than 30 seconds.
Panorama of Kinzua Gorge, in June 2011, from the overlook. Aftermath The state decided not to rebuild the Kinzua Bridge, which would have cost an estimated $45 million.
Instead, it was proposed that the ruins be used as a visitor attraction to show the forces of nature at work. Kinzua Bridge State Park had attracted 215,000 visitors annually before the bridge collapsed, and was chosen by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Parks for its list of 'Twenty Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks'. The viaduct and its collapse were featured in the 's as an example of how corrosion and high winds would eventually lead to the collapse of any steel structure. The bridge was removed from the National Register of Historic Places on July 21, 2004.The was forced to suspend operations in October 2004 after a 75 percent decline in the number of passengers, possibly brought about by the collapse of the Kinzua Bridge.
The bought the Knox and Kane's tracks and all other property owned by the railroad, including the locomotives. The Kovalchick Corporation also owns the and was the company that owned the Kinzua Bridge before selling it to the state in 1963. The company disclosed plans in 2008 to remove the tracks and sell them for. The would then be used to establish a.Pennsylvania released $700,000 to design repairs on the remaining towers and plan development of the new park facilities in June 2005. In late 2005, the (DCNR) put forward an $8 million proposal for a new and visitors' center, with plans to allow access to the bridge and a hiking trail giving views of the fallen towers. The Kinzua Sky Walk was opened on September 15, 2011 in a. The Sky Walk consists of a pedestrian walkway to an observation deck with a glass floor at the end of the bridge that allows views of the bridge and the valley directly below.
The walkway cost $4.3 million to construct, but is estimated to bring in $11.5 million in tourism revenue for the region. See also.References Notes.
Historic Landmarks. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Bright, William (2004).
Native American Placenames of the United States.:. P. 223. ^ 'Tornado Tears Down Historic Kinzua Viaduct'.
October 2003. ^ Linda Devlin (Producer) (2004). Tracks across the sky (DVD).: Allegheny National Forest Vacation Bureau. ^ (PDF). August 21, 1890.
Retrieved January 28, 2009. ^. Retrieved October 4, 2007., sec. 7. ^ (July 22, 2003). Retrieved October 3, 2007.
^ Thornton, W. George (August 1949). 'Tracks across the Sky'. Erie Railroad Magazine: 4–7. 'Notable new bridges'. Railway World.
January 28, 1888. 'The Kinzua Viaduct'. December 29, 1882. ^. Historical Markers. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
^ (December 22, 2002). Retrieved January 29, 2009. ^, sec. 1.
(December 2003). 'Appendix E: Structural Analysis'. (PDF) (Report).
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from (PDF) on April 26, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2009. 'Discussion on the Kinzua Viaduct'. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. American Society of Civil Engineers: 63. December 1901., sec.
1. (PDF).: Erie Railroad.
Retrieved June 14, 2011. 'List of Station Names and Numbers', Baggage Department,:, May 1, 1916. (Map). Cartography by M.B. New York City: P & B Company. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
(PDF). Jersey City, New Jersey: Erie Railroad.
August 21, 1927. Retrieved June 14, 2011. ^ Cupper, Dan (1993).
Our Priceless Heritage: Pennsylvania's State Parks 1893–1993.: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for, Bureau of State Parks. Pp. 48, 49, 55. ^ Forrey, William C. History of Pennsylvania's State Parks. Harrisburg: Bureau of State Parks, Office of Resources Management, Department of Environmental Resources, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.; (February 6, 1979). 44 (26): 7577.
Retrieved September 20, 2011. ^ Milliron, Kyle (September 24, 2008). The Bradford Era. Archived from on May 9, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2008. Behrman, Dan (May 8, 1988).
Retrieved March 5, 2010. McKay, Gretchen (September 15, 2013). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
Retrieved December 13, 2013. Gannett Fleming (December 2003). 'Appendix D: Eyewitness Accounts Construction Crew of the W.M. Brode Company'.
(PDF) (Report). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from (PDF) on September 22, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2009., p. 5. (December 2003). 'Meteorological Aspects of the 21 July 2003 Kinzua Viaduct Storm'. (PDF) (Report).
Department of Meteorology,. Archived from (PDF) on September 22, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
July 21, 2003. Archived from on May 9, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009. National Climatic Data Center. July 21, 2003. Archived from on May 9, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
^ Gannett Fleming (December 2003). 'Initiation of Failure'. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from on June 10, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
Gannett Fleming (December 2003). 'Mechanics of Collapse'.
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from on June 9, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2009. Gannett Fleming (December 2003). 'Executive Summary'.
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from on September 22, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2009. ^ Genshiemer, Lisa (Fall 2005). 34 (4): 10–11. Archived from (PDF) on March 18, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
(Press release). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. February 27, 2003. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved August 8, 2007. Note: Despite the title, there are twenty-one parks in the list, with and treated as one. David de Vries (Director) (January 21, 2008). Life After People (Documentary). History Channel.
National Park Service. July 30, 2004. Retrieved June 12, 2011. ^ Lutz, Ted (October 10, 2008). ' 'Slim' chance is seen for tourist train'.
The Kane Republican. Resource (newsletter). June 21, 2005. Retrieved February 21, 2009. Lutz, Ted (September 16, 2011). The Kane Republican.
Archived from on March 24, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2011. (Press release).
Pennsylvania Department of Conversation and Natural Resources. September 15, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011.Sources.
Leech, Thomas G; McHaugh, Jonathan D; Dicarlantonio, George (November 2005). 'Lessons from the Kinzua'. Civil Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers. 75 (11): 56–61.
Packard, Vance (January 25, 1977). National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form.
National Park Service. Retrieved December 13, 2013.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
Historic Civil landmark at the site. (HAER) No. PA-7, '. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2007. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Preceding stationFollowing station.
.Categories:––The 19th ( nineteenth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1801, and ended on December 31, 1900. It is often used interchangeably with the 1800s, though the start and end dates differ by a year.The 19th century saw large amounts of social change; was, and the and (which also overlap with the and centuries, respectively) led to massive and much higher levels of productivity, profit and prosperity. The were formally dissolved and European brought much of and almost all of Africa under.It was marked by the collapse of the, and empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the, the, the, the (essentially replacing the Holy Roman Empire), the, the and, with the British boasting unchallenged dominance after 1815. After the defeat of the and its in the, the British and Russian empires expanded greatly, becoming the world's leading powers. The Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia.The remaining powers in the such as the and its, and the princely states of the, suffered a massive decline, and their dissatisfaction with British 's rule led to the, marking its dissolution, however it was later ruled directly by the through the establishment of the.The British Empire grew rapidly in the first half of the century, especially with the expansion of vast territories in Canada, Australia, South Africa and heavily populated India, and in the last two decades of the century in Africa.
By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the world's land and one quarter of the world's population. During the post-Napoleonic era, it enforced what became known as the, which had ushered in unprecedented and economic integration on a massive scale. Contents.Overview The first appeared in the 19th century, with the introduction of the in 1835, the and its protocol in 1837, the first telephone call in 1876, and the first functional in 1878.The 19th century was an era of rapidly accelerating and, with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that laid the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century. The began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines, as well as strict regarding modesty and gender roles. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the, before defeating China, under the, in the. And the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention took place in the 19th century, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating in the.
Europe's population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. The introduction of provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, changing the way people lived and obtained goods, and fuelling major movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century.
London became the world's and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, including vast expanses of interior Africa and Asia, were during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. Became the pre-eminent in Europe.
And their captives along the Ruvuma river (in today's Tanzania and Mozambique), 19th centurywas greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful, and France stepped up the battle against the and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans.
The UK's charged the British with ending the global. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, who did so in 1834. America's following their abolished slavery there in 1865, and in slavery was abolished in 1888 (see ). Similarly, was abolished in in 1861.The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. In the United States and in Australia were non-existent in the earliest decades but grew to become the 2nd largest cities in the United States and British Empire respectively by the end of the century.
In the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States.The 19th century also saw the rapid creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain and the United States., and many other sports were developed during the 19th century, while the British Empire facilitated the rapid spread of sports such as to many different parts of the world. Also, ladywear was a very sensitive topic during this time, where women showing their ankles was viewed to be scandalous. 's retreat from Russia in 1812. The war swings decisively against the French EmpireThe Napoleonic Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1803 to 1815 pitting the and its allies, led by, against a fluctuating array of, financed and usually led by the. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the and its.In the aftermath of the, gained power in France in 1799.
In 1804, he crowned himself.In 1805, the French victory over an Austrian-Russian army at the ended the. As a result of the, the was dissolved.Later efforts were less successful. In the, France unsuccessfully attempted to establish as King of Spain. In 1812, the had massive French casualties, and was a turning point in the.In 1814, after defeat in the, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to. Later that year, he escaped exile and began the before finally being defeated at the and exiled to, an island in the.After Napoleon's defeat, the was held to determine new national borders. The attempted to preserve this settlement was established to preserve these borders, with limited impact.Latin American independence. The on 18 February 1818Most countries in and obtained independence from overlords during the 19th century.
In 1804, gained independence from France. In, the was a decade-long conflict that ended in Mexican independence in 1821.Due to the Napoleonic Wars, the royal family of Portugal from 1808-1821, leading to Brazil having a separate monarchy from Portugal.The gained independence from Spain in 1821 and from Mexico in 1823. After several rebellions, by 1841 the federation had dissolved into the independent countries of, and.In 1830, the post-colonial nation of dissolved and the nations of (including modern-day Panama), and took its place.Revolutions of 1848. Liberal and nationalist pressure led to theThe were a series of throughout in 1848.
The revolutions were essentially and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old structures and creating independent nation states.The first revolution began in. Revolutions then spread across Europe after a separate revolution began in. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries.According to Evans and von Strandmann (2000), some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class, the upsurge of nationalism, and the regrouping of established government forces. Abolition and the American Civil War. (1759–1833), politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to.The movement achieved success in the 19th century. The was abolished in 1808, and by the end of the century, almost every government had banned slavery. The of 1833 banned slavery throughout the, and the abolished slavery in Brazil in 1888.continued until the end of the American Civil War.
Among others, and, were two of many American Abolitionists who helped win the fight against slavery. Douglass was an articulate orator and incisive antislavery writer; while Tubman's efforts was by using a network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the.The American Civil War took place from 1861-1865. Eleven seceded from the, largely over concerns related to slavery. In 1863, President issued the. Lincoln issued a preliminary on September 22, 1862 warning that in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves 'then, thenceforward, and forever free.' The to the Constitution, ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery in the entire country.Five days after surrendered at, by actor and sympathiser.Decline of the Ottoman Empire In 1830, became the first country to break away from the after the.
In 1831, the against Ottoman rule occurred. In 1817, the became from the, and in 1867, it passed a which defined its independence from the. In 1876, instigate the against rule. Following the, the recognized the formal independence of the,. Becomes autonomous.China: Taiping Rebellion.
Main article:During the, largely pursued an. In 1853, United States Navy Commodore threatened the Japanese capital with gunships, demanding that they agree to open trade. This led to between Japan and foreign countries, with the policy of formally ended in 1854.By 1872, the Japanese government under had and established a strong central government.
Further reforms included the abolishment of the class, rapid industrialization and modernization of government, closely following European models. Colonialism. Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913In Africa, European exploration and technology led to the colonization of almost the entire continent by 1898. New medicines such as and more advanced allowed European nations to conquer native populations.Motivations for the included national pride, desire for raw materials, and Christian missionary activity.
Britain seized control of Egypt to ensure control of the. France, Belgium, Portugal, and Germany also had substantial colonies. The of 1884–1885 attempted to reach agreement on colonial borders in Africa, but disputes continued, both amongst European powers and in resistance by the native population.In 1867, were discovered in the region of South Africa. In 1886, gold was discovered in. This led to colonization in Southern Africa by the British and business interests, led. Other wars. –: the and the between the United States and the of.
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–:. –: The leads to Mexico's cession of much of the modern-day. –: between France, the United Kingdom, the and Russia. –: between the and seceding.
Dead Confederate soldiers. Distinguished Men of Science. Use your cursor to see who is who.The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher.
Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of (alongside the independent researches of ), who in 1859 published the book, which introduced the idea of. Another important landmark in medicine and biology were the successful efforts to prove the. Following this, made the first against, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the. In chemistry, following the of, created the first of. In physics, the experiments, theories and discoveries of, and their contemporaries led to the creation of as a new branch of science. Led to an understanding of heat and the notion of energy was defined.
Other highlights include the discoveries unveiling the nature of atomic structure and matter, simultaneously with chemistry – and of new kinds of radiation. In astronomy, the planet Neptune was discovered. In mathematics, the notion of complex numbers finally matured and led to a subsequent analytical theory; they also began the use of. And others carried out the for functions of. It also saw rise to beyond those classical theories of Euclid, after a period of nearly two thousand years. The mathematical science of logic likewise had revolutionary breakthroughs after a similarly long period of stagnation.
But the most important step in science at this time were the ideas formulated by the creators of electrical science. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about: gave the world a practical everyday. Pioneered the, high frequency transmission of electricity, and remote control.
Other new inventions were electrical telegraphy and the telephone. First motor bus in history: the Omnibus, built in 1895 for the Netphener bus company.: First begins operation.: opened connecting the to the.: First isolation of.: The, the first public railway in the world, is opened.: patents the.: First built.: patented.: The word ' is coined by.: First publicly funded line in the world—between Baltimore and Washington—sends demonstration message on 24 May, ushering in the age of the telegraph. This message read 'What hath God wrought?' (Bible, Numbers 23:23).: The and the are invented.: enables to be mass-produced.: World's first in.: Invention of the, the first true device for.: First section of the opens.: Successful follows an earlier attempt in 1858.: invents.: completed in United States on 10 May.: 's invention the becomes the first commercially sold.: and are invented.: invents the.: First commercial in.: tests his first.: First electrical and in, Britain.: invents the first self-powered.: begins production of the '. Which would become the most popular model of.: sells the first commercial.: The is invented.: develops and constructs the first gasoline/petrol-powered.: invents the.: First.: identifies.Religion.: The is established on 6 April 1830.: Persian Prophet the announces his revelation on 23 May, founding. He announced to the world of the coming of '. He is considered the forerunner of, the founder of the.
–: In, challenged the Catholic Church in the ('Culture War').: founds the.: establishes the, a reform sect of Islam.: launches the, the first major Catholic document on social justiceCulture. Main articles: andOn the literary front the new century opens with, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. And are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain. French arts had been hampered by the but subsequently developed rapidly.
Began.The Goncourts and in France and in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians, and; the English, and; the Scottish; the Irish; the Americans, and; and the French, and.Some American literary writers, poets and novelists were:, and to name a few.Photography. : 29 January, arrives in Singapore with to establish a trading post for the.
8 February, The treaty is signed between Sultan Hussein of Johor, Temenggong Abdul Rahman and Stamford Raffles. Farquhar is installed as the first Resident of the settlement.: The was founded. Among its students and faculty are,. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see ).: invents the.: April, in island erupts, becoming the largest in, destroying, and killing at least 71,000 people, including its aftermath. The eruption created anomalies known as '.:: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely influenced by the 1815 explosion of. –: 's becomes the largest in.: The modern city of is established by the.: Discovery of.: founded by the for freed American slaves.: Dissolution of the. –:, as Mexico's first post-independent government, ruled by Emperor.: declared by US President.: The.
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Boss Tweed, influential New York City politician, head of., 31st Sultan and 110th of the., British monarch., British General and prime minister., revolutionary, self-proclaimed., American politician, suffragette, abolitionist., the last Japanese., Johore Sultan., Filipino revolutionary leaderComposers.Supplementary portrait gallery.